“Title page for Songs of Innocence” from Songs of
Innocence and of Experience, copy A, 1795 (British Museum)
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"Title page for Songs of Experience" from Songs of Innocence and of Experience, copy A, 1795 (British Museum) |
Above are the original covers of the
songs of innocence and experience. Blake makes a connection between innocence
and children, and between experience and loss. Ideas of children and the
concept of childhood changed greatly in the Romantic period. The concept of
childhood as something that should be appreciated was a Romantic idea. The
Romantic poets saw children as being the symbol of innocence and having a
unique, important viewpoint because of their closeness to nature and not yet
being affected by experience. They had not yet learnt to rationalize, so could
see the world for what it really was and identify what was important. Whilst
William Blake initially published Songs of Innocence on its own, he
never published Songs of Experience on its own. This suggests that he
believed that one cannot understand experience without first having innocence.
Innocence can exist on its own, but experience is defined by the loss of
innocence.
Blake handmade every copy of the
Songs of Innocence and Experience published in his lifetime. Each book is
unique. If we agree that the illustrations around a poem affect our reading of
it, then the reading of a poem will differ slightly depending on the
manuscript. With "Little Black Boy", The colors differ between each
copy of the book which raises the question of whether Blake’s conception of
race was changing with each etching he made. Also how is our reading of the poem affected by the images we see.
“Little Black Boy” from Songs of
Innocence and of Experience, copy A, 1795 (British Museum)
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Songs of Innocence and of Experience,
copy B, 1789, 1794 (British Museum)
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Songs of Innocence and of Experience,
copy C, 1789, 1794 (Library of Congress)
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In this poem, the black child
narrator speaks of a longing for validation from the white opposition. The line
“but O! my soul is white,” conveys this longing and despair for recognition and
understanding. This is seen again in the last line, “And be like him and he
will then love me.” He is truly seeking the love of the white boy.
The first two stanzas describe the
past, stanzas 3-5 is the mother speaking in the present, and the last two
stanzas are the black boys words that he will say to the English boy in the
future. The poem progresses as a timeline from past (the learning), to the
present (the lesson itself), and then to the future (the practical outcome of
the lesson).
The equality of people is the main
message of this poem – portrayed by the image of God creating the world; the
sun in particular that shines and warms everyone – a readiness for the light
and heat that is His love.
The poem has a sense of hopefulness
in relation to the black boy envisioning a heaven where he is equal to the
English boy when they are in heaven together. Not only does the little black
boy lack “light” in regard to his skin color, even though he has accepted God,
the poem gives a sense that his soul is automatically judged by others to not
have a holy “light” or redemption, all based on the color of his skin. This
slightly ties into slavery and racism; the superiority of whites – which Blake
dissolves in his works with the idea that we will all be the same in the end.
In the third stanza, the mother
tells her son that God lives, and gives his “light” and heat away to all things
– nature and men alike. This is the point that Blake is trying to convey
through the little black boy; although he is black, he is not excluded from
God’s “light” and love. Once the little black boy learns to love himself, and
their souls learn to bear the heat God gives, the cloud, like a shady grove,
will disappear and they will hear Gods voice tell them to come from the grove
and rejoice with him in His “light” and His love.
Sources
Black,
Joseph, ed. The Broadview Anthology of British Literature- The Age of
Romanticism. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Pr, 2010. Print
"Songs
of Innocence and Experience." Blake Archive
http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/work.xq?workid=songsie&java=no